Seven Deadly Sins and Play Everyman free essay sample

In the play Everyman, death is personified and treated as an agent of God that goes to visit the plays protagonist, Everyman. Everyman, like other morality plays, seeks to present a religious lesson through allegorical figures representing abstract characteristics. The play centers on the life of Everyman, a wealthy man in his prime who is suddenly called by Death to appear before God for judgment. On his journey to meet God, he seeks assistance from lifelong companions Fellowship (friends), Kindred and Cousin (family), and Goods (material wealth), but all abandon him because he has neglected them in life, Good-Deeds is too weak to accompany Everyman on his journey. She advises him to call on Knowledge (awareness of sin). Knowledge escorts Everyman to Confession, who directs him to do penance. In the process of Everymans penance, Good-Deeds is strengthened and is finally able to accompany Everyman to his final reckoning. Everyman, now wearing the garment of Contrition, continues his journey—until now a quest for spiritual health, but increasingly showing the qualities of a pilgrimage—to salvation. We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Deadly Sins and Play Everyman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everyman, Knowledge, and Good-Deeds are joined on the journey by Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five Wits (the senses). After donating his wealth to charity, Everyman follows the advice of Knowledge and Five Wits and receives the sacraments of Communion and Extreme Unction. Meanwhile, Knowledge and Five Wits converse on the subject of corrupt priests in the church. Approaching his grave, Everyman is again deserted by all his companions except Knowledge and Good-Deeds. As the story closes, Knowledge remains behind as Everyman and Good-Deeds together descend into the grave. The themes in Everyman are strongly reflected in the allegorical characters which populate the work. The work teaches ethical and religious lessons about how to please God and how to treat humanity. The work has been seen by some critics as a dramatic treatment of the medieval Catholic church doctrine of â€Å"Holy Dying,† whereby a person forsakes earthly attachments and prepares his or her soul for salvation, but episodes such as the discussion between Knowledge and Five Wits on corrupt priests suggest the influence of the Protestant reform movement as well. The testing of Everymans companions, all of whom fail except for Good-Deeds, reflects the medieval belief that friends must prove themselves before they can be accepted as true. Good-Deedss loyalty additionally points to the Christian notion of friendship as a gift from God. Thus, this figure represents not only Everymans own positive and good actions but Gods blessing as well. Everyman is a very interesting play, that shows how every single person has the responsibility to do good things during his life, and then at his death, God will judge him for all his sins he make during his live. The purpose of this essay is to show that God has a purpose for all of us and we can choose whether accept his purpose or no. The story begins when God was thinking that everyman had made a lot of sins so He sent Death to take to Everyman the message that he must go on a long journey; that he must prepare to make his accounting before God. But everyman denied to leave earth, he says that he is not ready and asks for more time also, offers to the Death one thousand pounds if he forgive him but Death refuses saying that all riches in the world would be his if he did that type of illegal business. Moreover, Everyman next request was if he will be allowed to return after he has give his account to God but he guarantee him that the place he is going to there is no way to return but at least he can find someone to join him on the journey that is very difficult. First, he found fellowship; he says that he will do anything for Everyman even to paid a wrong done by him at the risk of his own life, but when Everyman invites Fellowship to join him in the journey of Death, Fellowship quickly declines and rapidly go away. Then Everyman decides that blood unions might make stronger companions, so he approaches Kindred. At the beginning seems that Kindred will accompany Everyman. But when Kindred knows of the destination. He declines. Everyman is feeling lonely. Moreover, Everyman looks for Goods but he cannot help him too, no one of his â€Å"friends† help him so he thought that he choose wrong his friends. At last he recalls his Good Deeds and Good Deeds suggests that Knowledge can be of help, then Knowledge takes Everyman to visit Confession, because if Everyman learned that knowledge of his sins, he can find salvation. More after Everyman add new companions to go with him. Discretion, Beauty, Strength, and the Five Wits. At the end, Everyman receives last rites from a priest and prepares to meet Death. The audience reminded that the priest is God’s representative. As the journey continues, all his companions had leaved him. Beauty is the first, because beauty fades quickly as man get close to death. The next to leave is Strength. Next Discretion leaves, and then Five Wits abandons Everyman and at last only Knowledge and Good Deeds remain by his side. Good Deeds accompanies him to the Heaven to plead his cause before his Maker, and Knowledge, remaining behind, hears the joyful songs of the angels. In conclusion, this morality play shows that no one escapes from God`s will. We must be the kind of person that changes all bad things in our world. And always be thanked to God and in simple words do good things in life. Everyman is a very interesting play, that shows how every single person has the responsibility to do good things during his live, and then at his death, God will judge him for all his sins he make during his live. The purpose of this essay is to show that God has a purpose for all of us and we can choose whether accept his purpose or no. At the end, Everyman receives last rites from a priest and prepares to meet Death. The audience reminded that the priest is God’s representative. As the journey continues, all his companions had leaved him. Beauty is the first, because beauty fades quickly as man get close to death. The next to leaved is Strength. Next Discretion leaves, and then Five Wits abandons Everyman and at last only Knowledge and Good Deeds remain by his side. Good Deeds accompanies him to the Heaven to plead his cause before his Maker, and Knowledge, remaining behind, hears the joyful songs of the angels. In conclusion, this morality play shows that no one escapes from God`s will. We must be the kind of person that changes all bad things in our world. And always be thanked to God and in simple words do good things in life. Other things to note are: 1. that God dominates the first half of the play 2. that the Wheel of Fortune assists in the descent-ascent pattern 3. that Everyman initially relies on his earthly supports to assist him on his journey; at this point he is damned 4. that the motifs of prayer, preoccupation with time, and personal suffering appear in both halves of the play. 5. that the Seven Deadly Sins, although not overtly present in the play, are central to Everymans dilemma, especially Avarice and Pride. 6. that the play has a number of thematic references to Christs Passion 7. that the play finally teaches mans redemption is only through Christ. In addition, various structural patterns for the play have been advanced. On the one hand, some have argued for a four part structural scheme: 1) the fruitless conflict with death, 2) the failure to find a companion, 3) the change from despair to joy through the arrival of worthy companions, and 4) the new complication arising from the desertion by the worthy companions. On the other hand, others argue for a three part scheme focusing on various climaxes as Everyman is abandoned by various groups of companions. However, the negative prologue of the Messenger and the positive epilogue of the Doctor clearly distinguish a two part structure. One movement, a falling action, occupies approximately the first half of the play; it traces Everymans decline in fortune from Deaths entrance, which shatters the apparent serenity of his life, to the depth of his despair, where he can foresee only eternal damnation. The second movement, a rising action, carries him from this nadir to his final salvation, symbolized by the words of the welcoming Angel. Detailed analysis reveals this two part, descent-ascent structural pattern as the basic principle of the plays organization

Essay about study guide

Essay about study guide Essay about study guide Introduction: Role of IS strategy in business organizations: manages how people work, must be managed as a critical source, IS are part of almost very aspect of the business, IS enable or inhibit business opportunities and new strategies, IS can be sued to combat business challenges from competitors. It is an ongoing process, you have to be constantly evaluating. People and technology work together, integrating business and information systems. â€Å"digital natives† who grown gaining expertise in IS. IS is only getting cheaper and easier, so it is hard to keep a competitive advantage. MANAGERIAL ROLES : VISIONARY, INFORMATION AND INTEPERSONAL, STRUCTURAL, (FIG 1.2). Mintzeberg describes anagement in behavioral terms, by categorizing three major roles of a manager: interpersonal, informational and decisiomal. This model is useful because it considers the chaotic eneviroment in which managers live in (1.4) CLASSIC MANAGEMENT MODEL: INCLUDES FOUR ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY MANAGERS TO REACH ORGAZIATIONAL GOALS AND EACH DEPENDANT ON THE OTHERS: PLANNING, ORGANIZING, LEADING, CONTROLLING. (1.3) Functional view: based on the functions that people perform such as accounting, finance, marketing, operations and human ressources. Information ressources flow up and down through specialized sets of tass , information first flows vertically up and down between line positions and management , after analysis it may be transimitted across aother functions for use elsewhere in the company. Process view: describing business in terms of primary and support activities, that are performed to create delover and support a product or service.primary activities (inbound, logistics, marketing sales, services )are those that transform the business from a raw product into a set of values, this value chain is supported by cpmmon activities shared across all the primary activities(support activites) (1.6) process view related to the value chain. Information hierarchy:data, information, knowledge.(15) 1.7. 1.8 Informations doesn’t wear out, it can become obsolete or no true, IS replicated at almost zero coset without limit, doesn’t physically exists, when sold seller may still process and sell again.price based om value of the customer (1.9) IS: technology, people, process.(1.10) , information systems, management. Chapter 1: Business strategy from mission statement of the organization: te different steps of how the business is going to get there. Organizational strategy: includes the organization’s design as well as the choices it makes to define, set up, coordinate, and control its work processes. The organizational strategy is a plan that answers the question: how will the company reorganize to achieve its goals and implement its business strategy? Porters competitive advantage: cost leadership, difrenciation, focus (1.3) , an application of these dynamic business processes (ability of the firm to adjust to the rapid changing environment and adjusting its organizational ressources ) is destroy your business like the example of GE. Figure 1.4 looks at the differences between these two models. Organizational strategies :The business diamond: it identifies the crucial componenets f an organzoatioms’ plan as its information/control, people, tructure and tasks. All of the componenets are inrelated. Over the years there has been variations of this model, substituting terms like business processes, culture and management systems for leavitt’s orginal terms. All the componenets impact one another so for example if an organization tres to change its people but fails in changing its processes, this can have a huge impact on the prganzixaton vecause they all work together. Fig 1.5 all of them are interelatesd. Collaboration: using social IT to extend the erach of skateholders, both employees and those outside the entreprise walls. Social IT such as social networks enable individuals to find and connect with each pther to share

Textual Analysis about Your Fate Hurtles Down at You Essay

Textual Analysis about Your Fate Hurtles Down at You - Essay Example despite these circumstances, those who are left have to learn to survive and find the reason for their existence, or at least will be lead by fate to that reason. â€Å"Your Fate Hurtles Down at You† reflects more of the life that is comparable to the sting of cold in an icy setting. The setting of the story may not just have been a chance choice for the author to develop what he wanted to communicate to his readers rather has been carefully considered to put emphasis on his points. First, Davos is a place which is perfect for the research about ice and snow because of its geographical make up. Although some important parts of the story did not occur in the same area, the settings are similar in that, they are prone to avalanches. This circumstance is what the author uses to emphasize the title of the story, used as a metaphor. As an avalanche falls anytime without warning, fate hurtles down inevitably on people, whether they like it or not. The narration of the death of the storyteller’s twin brother, Willi, is a strong demonstration of how fate hurtles down on a person. He did not like to die, he was young and in love with Ruth who was pregnant with their child. Nevertheless, he was destined to die young and as his death came suddenly and unexpectedly, this event and the cause of death portray the suddenness of how fate could hit an individual. On the other hand, the fate of Willi’s brother is to love the same woman he adored, Ruth. Despite the fact that Ruth showed interest on Willi more than his twin brother, the other did not stop loving her. This, is the author’s fate. To love the woman who loved his brother and just cannot learn to love him despite his brother’s demise. This fate could be different to that of Willi’s but it is comparable to it. If the cause of Willi’s death is an avalanche, the cause of his brother’s end to loving other women is Ruth. Willi’s brother was competing with Bader for the affections of an Alsatian widow but he

COURSEWORK 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

2 - Coursework Example Change is pervasive not only in peoples individual lives but also in business organisations – for profit or not. Change is inevitable; it is also one of the constants in this world. It doesnt matter if an organisation is doing something about the impact of change – technological, societal and market – on how they do business. These changes will still impact on them and those who react fastest and most constructively will survive. Management theories emerged as a result of change. From the scientific management to centralized organisation; from a decentralized management to empowered workforce; and from a knowledge management to learning organisation. In order to protect its current status, Toyota Motors Corporation, as they say, must run faster to stay in place. First and foremost, it must embrace change whole heartedly – this means the entire organisation as a whole rather than its parts individually. The above changes unfortunately results to a more cutthroat competition not only in the automobile industry but in all industries affected by these changes. Sustaining status quo or surviving in a highly competitive environment is expensive. Companies, to maintain their standing in the market, have to spend more and more in advertising and other activities to sustain the market’s interest in their products and services. This practice is fatal in the long run. Certainly a company can not indefinitely spend its scarce financial resources in activities which can only sustain what is. To survive the company must not only please existing customers, but make new ones too. In this dynamic environment, an organisation finds change and performance improvement more as matters of business survival rather than as matters of competitiveness. Product differentiation and cost leadership are two strategies a company can adopt to stay ahead of competition. Continuous process improvement

Effects of Heat Treatment on Seed Germination

Effects of Heat Treatment on Seed Germination Introduction Seed germination has been found to be influenced by many factors. Some of these include water availability, nutrients, light, incubation, and heat shock (Masamba, 1994). In the natural Western Australian environment, heat shock is most commonly provided by bushfires. Periodic fires result in an open environment providing enhanced moisture, light, and nutrients which are conducive to the survival of germinated seeds (Bell, Plummer, Taylor, 1993). There are many species of the Western Australian flora, especially in the Leguminosae families, that have a hardened testa in order to suppress germination until fire provides a better chance of seedling survival (Herranz, Ferrandis, Martinez-Sanchez, 1998). Heat shock is required in some plant species to fracture the hard seed coat which allows for water imbibition, gas exchange, and releases the embryo from physical restraints (Mucunguzi, Oryem-Origa, 1996). Short exposures to the high temperatures reached in soil during fires can greatly increase germination percentages of certain species (Bell et al., 1993). Under laboratory conditions, the heat shock usually provided by fire can be simulated using boiling water. Dry heat or scarification and acid treatments can also increase the percent of seeds germinated (Bell et al., 1993). The aim of the experiment was to examine the effects of different temperature heat treatments on the percent germination of four species of legumes. Materials and Methods Plant Material Four different commercially obtained plant species were used to examine the effects of different heat pre-treatments on the percent seed germination of set sample sizes. The four species used in the experiment were Kenndia coccinea, Acacia saligna, Hardenbergia, and Acacia pulchella. Experimental Treatment A total of 600 seeds were taken from each species and divided into sets of 110. Each set was pre-treated at one of five temperatures. The temperatures were: room temperature (24ËÅ ¡C), 40ËÅ ¡C, 60ËÅ ¡C, 80ËÅ ¡C, and 100ËÅ ¡C. The seeds from each treatment were divided into 50 labelled petri dishes, 11 seeds per dish. All of the seeds in a single petri dish underwent the same pre-treatment. The petri dishes were then placed into a dark cupboard for incubation at room temperature and randomized. Viability Test In order to assess the viability of the seeds collections used for the germination experiment, a tetrazolium test was carried out on 96 untreated seeds from each species. The testa of each seed was cracked before being tested. Scoring Germination The numbers of seeds germinated in each petri dish were recorded at the end of each week for four weeks, along with the species and pre-treatment the seeds underwent. A drop of fungicide was used to kill any moulds that were found growing in the petri dishes during incubation. Statistical Analysis The heat treatments of each species were compared using the chi square analysis, allowing for 5% error. The null hypothesis (Ho) for the chi square tests is that the treatments had no effect on the percent of seeds germinated. The alternate hypothesis (Ha) is that the different treatments did have an effect on the percent of seeds germinated. Results The chi square analysis compares the total number of germinated seeds between treatments for one species to determine if statistically, we should accept or reject the null hypothesis. Table 1 displays that Kenndia coccinea, Acacia saligna, and Acacia pulchella all have a chi square value greater that the 5% error value. Therefore, we can be 95 % confident that the Ho should be rejected and Ha accepted. Hardenbergia, however, has a chi square value less than the 5% error value, therefore, Ho is accepted. Table 1 Chi square values and degrees of freedom calculated from the number of germinated seeds of four different plant species after a variety of controlled heat treatments Species Chi Square value 5% error Kenndia Coccinea 52.90909 9.49 Acacia saligna 39.84615 9.49 Hardenbergia 6.15444 9.49 Acacia pulchella 38.5 9.49 Data shows that three of the four chi square values are greater than the 5% error value. This indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected for Kenndia coccinea, Acacia saligna, and Acacia pulchella. Therefore, Ha is accepted for these species. It is obvious from the graphs in figure 1 that the different heat treatments had little effect on the percent germination of c) Hardenbergia. Significant variations can, however, be seen in the germination of the other three species. Attention should be drawn to the significant increase in germination of d) Acacia pulchella between the 80ËÅ ¡C treatment and 100ËÅ ¡C treatment. a) b) c) d) Fig. 1 Percent germination of a) Kenndia Coccinea, b) Acacia saligna, c) Hardenbergia, and d) Acacia pulchella at the end of a four week growth period. Each species had 500 seeds which were divided into five different heat pre-treatments. Discussion Heat shock treatments have two primary effects on seeds that cease dormancy. Cracking of the seed coat appears to be most common result of heat shock; however, heat can also be used to denature seed coat inhibitors (Hanley, Lamont, 2000). It is obvious from the information displayed in table 1 and figure 1 that temperature has a significant effect on the germination of Kenndia coccinea, Acacia saligna, and Acacia pulchella. In the natural environment, extreme temperatures on the soil surface can be lethal to seeds (Bell et al., 1993). Due to thermal diffusion, seeds below 6 to 8 cm may be too deep to have their seed coats cracked (Hanley, Lamont, 2000). A. pulchella has developed a relationship with ants to maximise germination. The ants bury the seeds at a depth of approximately 4cm which is the depth where heat penetration and temperature required to break dormancy appears to converge (Hanley, Lamont, 2000). A similar heat pre-treatment experiment (Table 2) to the one carried out in this report was carried out by Bell, Plummer, Taylor (1993). They examined the effects of seed scarification and boiling on the percent germination of native Western Australian legumes. The data indicates that a 300 second heat treatment tends to reduce germination percentages in most of the species listed in table 2. Acacia pulchella is one Western Australian species that shows no significant germination in the percent germination (Bell et al., 1993). This information suggests that A. pulchella evolved in an environment that experiences prolonged burning (Bell et al., 1993). The results obtained by Bell, Plummer, Taylor (1993) after examining the effects of no pre-treatments, seed scarification, and heat shock on 55 species of native Western Australian legumes. It is interesting to note that the percent germination graph of A. saligna in figure 1 shows an increase in germination as treatment temperature increased. This result is significant as A. saligna is a coastal habitat species whose seeds have the capacity to survive mild fires, but are unable to endure intense heat (Herranz et al., 1998). While high temperatures are required to crack the seed coat of many native Western Australian species, germination may also be cued by incubation temperatures that would best support the survival of the seedlings (Bell et al., 1993). It is possible that this factor may have influenced the germination results of K. coccinea, A. saligna, Hardenbergia, and A. pulchella. In Western Australia, heat is a key requirement for the successful germination of many plant species. Combinations of factors, however, are often required to maximise the chance of germination of any plant species. Due to the diversity of flora in Western Australia, more research is required to determine the optimal environment for commercial or private cultivation of many species.

Accounting: the Forensic Accounting Who Fought Whiet Collar Crime Essay

Abstract The global increase in fraud has caused many people to lose trust in accountants. However, experts in the field of Forensic Accounting, such as Certified Fraud Examiners, are restoring ethics and trust by fighting to deter white-collar crimes. The most prevalent type of fraud encountered is occupational fraud. Under occupational fraud the most common and consequential schemes are asset misappropriation and fraudulent statements. Due to the rapid increase of occupational fraud, organizations have implemented anti-fraud controls. Statistics have shown that these controls have helped to decrease the likelihood of fraud. This examination of Forensic Accounting points out the importance of Certified Fraud Examiners in the economic, business, and financial fields within the International Community. See more:  Masters of Satire: John Dryden and Jonathan Swift Essay Forensic Accounting: Fighting White Collar Crime When asked about ethical issues in the field of accounting, Raymond Reisig, both a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE), stated that ethics is the foundation which accounting stands on because â€Å"Our whole profession depends on people trusting us.† However, due to the lack of ethics in many large companies involved with fraud, the public has lost faith in the accounting profession. Hoping to restore the trust of society, many companies worldwide have incorporated Forensic Accounting into their industries. Essentially, the secret to uncovering fraud is by following a trail of money that will eventually lead to evidence that proves where the money has gone. This has been the job of Certified Fraud Examiners for years. A number of different types of frauds occur daily, but the most prevalent type of fraud that seems to catch the public’s eye is occupational fraud. Everyday, Certified Fraud Examiners are working hard to fight off occupatio nal fraud in corporate America. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), occupational fraud is â€Å"the use of one’s occupation for personal enrichment through the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employing organization’s resources or assets† (2010, p. 6). Occupational fraud has now become a global problem, which has substantially increased the demand for forensic accounting. Forensic accounting is one of the many branches in accounting; under this specific branch exists Certified Fraud Examiners. Certified Fraud Examiners are experts specifically trained to find fraud, detect the ways in which the fraud was committed, and uncover who may have committed the crime. Two of the many schemes under occupational fraud that certified fraud examiners are confronted with are asset misappropriation and fraudulent statements. â€Å"Report to the Nations†, a worldwide study of 1,843 cases of occupational fraud from 2008-2009, found that in the U.S. â€Å"Asset mi sappropriation schemes were the most common form of fraud†¦ representing 90% of all cases† (ACFE, 2010, p. 4). Asset misappropriations range from conspiracies like skimming, when an employee does not record a sale and instead pockets the money, to schemes like check tampering, when an employee steals blank checks from the company and writes them out to himself. However, the most common fraud is billing. Billing happens when an employee deceives his employer to make false payments by submitting invoices for fictitious goods or services. One example of this could be found in a recent report in The New York Times. Anita Collins, 67, who is being charged for grand larceny in the first degree, for embezzling over $ 1 million over seven years from the Archdiocese of New York. Anita was able to skillfully delude the Catholic Church by sending fictitious invoices to the Archdiocese and issuing 468 checks to accounts she controlled (Otterman 2010). Billing alone can cause an organization to lose, on average, $128,000 annually. Although Asset misappropriation is the most common type of fraud, according to â€Å"Report to The Nations† it is the least costly. In contrast to asset misappropriation, fraudulent statements only made up less than 5% of all cases in the same study. However, these schemes are the most consequential, causing a median loss of more than $4 million annually (ACFE 4). Fraudulent statements involve the manipulation, falsification or alteration of accounting records, misrepresentation of financial statements, and the misapplication of accounting principles relating to amounts (Crumbley 2009). Financial statement schemes can be very hard to catch because they are buried under false numbers and fake company names. In a recent New York Times article authors Hiroko Tabuchi and Keith Bradsher revealed that in October 2011, Michael C. Woodford, former Olympus president and chief executive, exposed the corporat ion’s â€Å"fraudulent accounting†. The scandal covered up $1.7 billion in losses by misstating their finances on their income statements. The corporation’s former and current executives tactically buried their losses so that external auditors could never discover them (Tabuchi 2012). Due to the complexity of financial statement fraud, such as the Olympus scandal, many companies hire certified fraud examiners to investigate their financial statements when they suspect fraud is present. Occupational fraud is hard to detect due to the fact that owners and executives commit most fraud. Take for example the case of Maria do Rosario Veiga. Ms. Veiga was an experienced auditor who had been working for the World Meteorological Organization for 4 years before she blew the whistle on their fraudulent behavior. Ms. Veiga was fired from the organization because she refused to cover- up an embezzlement scheme of 3.5 million dollars stolen by senior officials (WMO 2009). For this reason many organizations have implemented anti-fraud controls to prevent and detect fraud. Anti- fraud controls consist of controls such as hotlines, fraud training for employees, surprise audits and employee support programs. In every study since 2002, the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners have found that tips are the most common and effective way to detect fraud (ACFE 4). This study found that tips detected 40.2 percent of all cases; employees were the most common source of fraud tips (ACFE 17). Anti- fraud controls are reinforcing ethical standards in the field of accounting. A specific case study examined by CFE Tracy Coenen exemplifies the right way to deal with receiving a tip from an employee about fraud. First, the board of directors must determine that an independent investigation of the allegations should be done. After this, they seek unbiased analysis, and retain an outside counsel and a forensic accountant to investigate. Management then gathers all documents relevant to the allegations, and gives the investigator access to all employees and accounting records (Coenen 2011). Going through such procedures should be important to any company who receives a suspicious tip from an employee. Due to the major business scandals involving asset misappropriation and fraudulent statements, it is crucial for CFEs to have a good understanding of these schemes. Examining fraud involves close examination and piecing together financial evidence to find the hidden truth behind numbers. For this reason, the requirements to become a CFE include earning a Bachelor’s Degree, passing a ten-hour exam and having at least two years of professional experience in the related field (Meservy, 2006, p. 164). Not only do these requirements prepare a CFE before going into the field of forensic accounting, but they also ensure the public that the work of a CFE is trustworthy. Although it is very important that CFEs obtain knowledge of fraudulent behavior, it is also important that they acquire other skills as well. Many times when people hear the word â€Å"accountant† they rarely think of a person who has excellent communication and writing skills. However, this is a very misleading misconception; In fact in a survey of 725 CFEs, communication and people skills were reported as critical by 44% of the recipients (Meservey, 2006, p. 176). These skills are viewed as critical because when a fraud examiner is investigating a case, he or she must be able to speak directly with their client; A CFE must also be able to orally present their findings in a courtroom to a judge and jury in a way that is clear and easy to understand (Wells, 2009). Along with communication and people skills, surprisingly, writing skills are also one of the most important. After a fraud examiner collects all the evidence needed, he or she must report their findings; A majority of the time these findings are reported by writing. Tracy Coenen, a fraud examiner and forensic accountant, stresses that, â€Å"The best financial expert witnesses help win cases by artfully and simply communicating the facts through written reports†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Coenen, 2007). For this reason, a CFE must have strong writing skills. A part of effectively reporting facts is following an ethical code by remaining unbiased about the innocence or guilt of the suspect, and reporting only relevant facts. If there is a lack of clarity in the way facts are reported and communicated, not only can it cause the jury to lose trust in the CFEs findings, but essentially cause a negative outcome on a case (Coenen, 2007). The corner stone of the accounting field is ethics. For this reason, being ethical is the most important skill a CFE should acquire. Huge fraud cases such as the collapse of Enron and WorldCom led to higher costs for products and services, mistrust in leaders and a loss in retirement funds and job security (Crumbley, 2009). This was one of the driving forces that led to the passing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This act not only regulated the auditing profession but it also demonstrated to the public that accountants value ethical standards. Up until now this act is based on making â€Å"everyone responsible for fighting fraud by increasing all parties responsibilities for uncovering such fraud in every direction at every stop in the process† (Crumbley 2009). Not only has the Sarbanes-Oxley Act helped to gain the trust of the public, but CFEs have also played a huge role in this as well. The fact that the main task of a CFE is to deter and detect fraud, proves to society that the field of accounting remains ethical and fair. Fraud has caused many people to lose their trust in accountants; however, the field of accounting is implementing many ways to reduce fraud. Forensic Accounting plays a huge role in this because Certified Fraud Examiners are being used to analyze and examine financial statements in a way that normal accountants cannot. Through excellent communication and writing skills CFEs have ultimately proven that accountants do more than just â€Å"deal with numbers†. The increase in demand for Forensic Accounting shows that our ethical standards are still our main priority. Unfortunately, occupational fraud is something that always occurs in every organization; we cannot change this. However, what forensic accounting can change is the way which society views accountants as ethical.

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